An application letter (or Cover Letter) is used as a general letter to the admission committee. It is usually around one page in length, focusing on presenting yourself as a suitable candidate broadly for a general college admission, rather than a specific graduate program. The same content might be used for various purposes outside of academia, such as job application, with a small modification.
A Statement of Purpose is an essay detailing the applicant's academic and career goals, research interests, professional experience, reasons for choosing a particular program, and how the program aligns with their long-term objectives. It's more academic and scholarly in nature and requires specific evidence to support the statements made. SOPs are typically longer (1-2 pages) than Application Letters, as they require more detailed information,
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